\u201eDificult\u0103\u021bi speciale de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare, sau dizabilit\u0103\u021bi de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare \u00een termeni rezumativi, apar atunci c\u00e2nd un copil cu inteligen\u021b\u0103 medie sau peste medie r\u0103m\u00e2ne semnificativ \u00een urm\u0103 la unul sau mai multe domenii de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare, indiferent de condi\u021biile \u0219colare sau educa\u021bionale optime. Pot ap\u0103rea dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een citire, scriere \u0219i calcul, precum \u0219i \u00een perseveren\u021b\u0103, impulsivitate sau abilit\u0103\u021bi organiza\u021bionale.\u201d (S\u00e9ra \u0219i Bern\u00e1th, 2004; p. 267) Autorii subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 nu dizabilitatea intelectual\u0103, nici dizabilitatea senzorial\u0103 \u0219i nici factorii culturali se afl\u0103 \u00een spatele acestor dificult\u0103\u021bi.<\/p>\n
Simptomele dizabilit\u0103\u021bilor (dificult\u0103tilor) de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare pot fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een dou\u0103 grupuri principale: caracteristicile de performan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i comportamentale.\nCopiii cu dificilt\u0103\u021bi de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare se maturizeaz\u0103 mai \u00eencet, evolueaz\u0103 mai \u00eencet dec\u00e2t colegii lor. \u00cent\u00e2rzierile lor \u00een dezvoltare devin adesea evidente doar dup\u0103 ce ajung la \u0219coal\u0103. Limbajul lor, abilit\u0103\u021bile expresive de vorbire, \u00een\u021belegerea sarcinilor, dar \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bile lor sociale pot fi mai slabe. Sunt neatenti, performan\u021ba lor este fluctuant\u0103. Ca urmare a e\u0219ecurilor \u0219i a lipsei succesului lor la \u0219coal\u0103, ace\u0219ti copii dezvolt\u0103 adesea probleme de comportament, comportamente agresive sau anxioase (Balogh, 2006).<\/p>\n
A magatart\u00e1szavarok megjelen\u00e9si form\u00e1i \u00e9s okai igen v\u00e1ltozatosak lehetnek. Oka lehet k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl az idegrendszer s\u00falyos \u00e9retlens\u00e9ge, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a hipermotilit\u00e1s eset\u00e9ben. Kialakulhat m\u00e1sodlagos t\u00fcnetk\u00e9nt, mintegy r\u00e1\u00e9p\u00fclve a tanul\u00e1si neh\u00e9zs\u00e9gekre. Ilyenkor a gyerek az \u00e1lland\u00f3 stresszt \u00e9s kudarcot okoz\u00f3 helyzeteket igyekszik elker\u00fclni, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul boh\u00f3ckod\u00e1ssal, hisztivel, vagy a t\u00e1rsai ellen ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 agresszi\u00f3val. Okozhatja a csal\u00e1di szocializ\u00e1ci\u00f3 probl\u00e9m\u00e1ja, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul: a nem megfelel\u0151 anya-gyerek, apa-gyerek kapcsolat, \u00e9rzelmi elhanyagol\u00e1s, csal\u00e1don bel\u00fcli er\u0151szak, hospitaliz\u00e1ci\u00f3 stb. Magatart\u00e1szavarhoz vezethet, ha nem megfelel\u0151ek, a t\u00f6bbs\u00e9gi t\u00e1rsadalom sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra nem elfogadhat\u00f3ak a csal\u00e1d \u00e1ltal k\u00f6zvet\u00edtett mint\u00e1k: p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul \u00e9letvitelszer\u0171 b\u0171n\u00f6z\u00e9s a csal\u00e1dban. Probl\u00e9m\u00e1t okozhat, f\u0151leg kamaszkorban a kort\u00e1rsak egym\u00e1sra gyakorolt negat\u00edv hat\u00e1sa, amikor „rossz t\u00e1rsas\u00e1gba” keveredik a gyerek. Szint\u00e9n okai lehetnek a magatart\u00e1si probl\u00e9m\u00e1knak az oszt\u00e1lyk\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gben kialakul\u00f3 csoportdinamikai jelens\u00e9gek, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a b\u0171nbakk\u00e9pz\u00e9s vagy az ellen\u00e1ll\u00e1s.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u201eSpeci\u00e1lis tanul\u00e1si neh\u00e9zs\u00e9gekr\u0151l vagy \u00f6sszefoglal\u00f3 n\u00e9vvel tanul\u00e1si zavarokr\u00f3l olyankor besz\u00e9l\u00fcnk, amikor az \u00e1tlagos vagy \u00e9ppen \u00e1tlag feletti intelligenci\u00e1j\u00fa gyerek az optim\u00e1lis iskolai vagy nevel\u00e9si k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyekt\u0151l f\u00fcggetlen\u00fcl a tanul\u00e1s egy vagy t\u00f6bb ter\u00fclet\u00e9n jelent\u0151s elmarad\u00e1st mutat. A neh\u00e9zs\u00e9gek jelentkezhetnek az olvas\u00e1s, az \u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s a sz\u00e1mol\u00e1s, ill. a kitart\u00e1s, az impulzivit\u00e1s vagy a szervez\u0151k\u00e9szs\u00e9g ter\u00fclet\u00e9n.\u201d (S\u00e9ra\u00a0\u00e9s\u00a0Bern\u00e1th, […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":349,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/propectus.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/propectus.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/propectus.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/propectus.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/propectus.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/propectus.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/propectus.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/349"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/propectus.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}